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Full Report  (2 MB) || Educator's Summary (464 KB ) || Educator's Guide (584 KB)
Overall, 96 experimental-control comparisons met the inclusion criteria, of which 39 used random assignment to treatments, and five used randomized quasi-experiments. Effect sizes (experimental-control differences as a proportion of a standard deviation) were averaged across studies, weighting by sample size.
One-to-One Tutoring by Teachers: ES=+0.38 in 19 studies
• Reading Recovery: ES=+0.23 in 8 studies
• Other programs: ES=+0.60 in 11 studies
One-to-One Tutoring by Paraprofessionals and Volunteers: ES=+0.24 in 18 studies
• Paraprofessionals: ES=+0.38 in 11 studies
• Volunteers: ES=+0.16 in 7 studies
Small Group Tutorials: ES=+0.31 in 20 studies
Classroom Instructional Process Approaches (low achievers): ES=+0.56 in 16 studies
• Cooperative Learning: ES=+0.58 in 8 studies
Classroom Instructional Process Programs with Tutoring (Success for All, low achievers): ES=+0.52 in 9 studies
Instructional Technology (low achievers): ES=+0.09 in 14 studies
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